고려인삼에는 유리당, 전분 등 탄수화물이 60~70%로 가장 많이 들어 있지만 인삼의 약효성분으로 다른 식물에 있는 사포닌과는 구조가 다른 인삼 특유의 사포닌(ginsenosides), 면역활성이 있는 다당체(polysaccharide), 항암성 폴리아세틸렌(polyacetylene), 항산화성 페놀계 성분, 간보호작용이 있는 고미신(gomisin), 인슐린 유사작용을 하는 산성펩티드 등이 들어 있다.

[진세노사이드(인삼 사포닌) 이외의 생리활성 성분]

고려인삼에는 진세노사이드 외에 또 다른 중요한 물질들이 있다. 그들 중엔 항암, 항산화, 항당뇨, 항염증 효과, 그리고 조혈작용을 보여주는 성분도 있다.

가. 폴리아세틸렌(polyacetylene)계 화합물

인삼의 지용성성분은 실험쥐의 암세포생장을 억제하는 것으로 밝혀졌다 (Kim, 1989). 이 구성성분은 파낙시돌(panaxydol), 파낙시놀(panaxynol), 파낙시트리올(panaxytriol)이며, 이들은 백혈병을 유발시키는 L1210 암세포에 강한 억제효과를 보여왔다. 일반적으로, 파낙시돌, 파낙시놀, 파낙시트리올 같은 폴리아세틸렌(polyacetylene)계 화합물은 항암효과와 항산화효과를 보인다(Ahn et al., 1988 ; Kim et al., 1989). 그리고, 고려인삼의 폴리아세틸렌계 화합물 함유량은 미국삼, 삼칠삼의 함유량 보다 훨씬 더 많다.

나. 페놀(phenol)계 화합물

말톨(maltol) 같은 페놀계 화합물 (Han et al., 1981, 1992)은 항산화작용과 몸에 있는 지질과산화물의 형성억제를 통해 항노화효과를 보이기도 한다. 말톨은 고려홍삼 특유 페놀계 화합물이다.

다. 다당체(polysaccharide)

탄수화물은 수용액상에서 추출되고 총 추출물중의 60~70%를 차지한다. 단당류, 이당류, 삼당류, 그리고 다당류, 파낙산(panaxans) A-U같은 다당체는 혈당수치 저하(hypoglycemic effect), 면역기능 촉진, 위궤양 억제효과를 보인다. 특히, 파낙산 Q-U 같은 산성 다당체는 암세포의 톡소홀몬-L(toxohormone-L) 활성을 억제하는 효과가 있다(Okuda and Lee, 1990). 고려삼은 미국삼보다 더 많은 산성 다당체를 함유한다(표 1).

(표 1) 각국삼의 산성 다당체 함량 비교^a)(단위: O.D. at 525nm)

a)    Extraction for 1 hr at 80℃, b) P. ginseng, c) P. notoginseng, d) P.quinquefolius

라. 기타 약효성분

정제된 오일 성분 중에, 진통제 역할을 하는 피넨(pinene)과 소염제, 항생제, 그리고 장의 이상발효(異常醱酵) 억제효과를 가진 오시넨(ocinene) 등이 있다. 더욱이, 아데노신(adenosine), 산성 펩타이드(acidic peptide), 망간함유물질 같은 항당뇨성분과 유효약리작용을 하는 사포닌 이외의 성분이 밝혀짐으로 해서, 사포닌 이외의 성분의 중요성을 인식하게 됐다 (Han et al., 1981 ; Okuda, 1990).

그 동안, 항염증 성분인 파낙시놀과 리놀렌산(linoleic acid)의 중요성이 강조되어 왔다. 그리고 고려삼(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer)은 단백질, 핵산 같은 질소함유성분, 필수 아미노산을 가진 성분, 그리고 필수 지방산을 함유하고 있다. 특히, 아미노산은 미국삼과 삼칠삼보다 고려인삼에 훨씬 더 많이 들어있다.

참고문헌

1) Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. and Ahmed, H.H. 2004. Protective effects of Korean Panax ginseng against chromium VI toxicity and free radical generation in rats. J. Ginseng Res. 28 : 11-17.

2) Ahn, B.Z., Kim, S.I., Kang, K.S., and Kim, Y.S. 1988. The action of cytotoxic components of Korean ginseng against L1210 cells and their structure-activity relationship. Proc. 5th Int'l. Ginseng Symp., Seoul, Korea, Korea Ginseng & T Research Institute : 19-24.

3) Ahn, Y.K., Kim, J.Y., Chung, J.G., Kim, J.H. and Goo, J.D. 1987. The effect of Korean ginseng on the immunotoxicity of mitomycin C. Yakhak Hoeji 31(6) : 355-360.

4) Ando, T., Muraoka, T., Okuda, H. and Yamasaki, N. 1979. Preparation of insulin-like peptides from Panax ginseng. Proc. Symp. Wakan-Yaku. 12 : 15-19.

5) Andrade, E., Mesquita, A.A., Claro, J.A., Andrade, P.M., Ortiz, V., Paranhos, M. and Srougi, M. 2007. Study of the efficacy ofKorean red ginseng in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Asian J. Androl. 9 : 241-244.

6) Betz, J.M., Dermardersian, A.H., and Lee, T.M. 1984. Continuing studies on ginsenoside content of chemical ginseng product by TLC and HPLC II. Proc. 6th Ginseng Conference : 65-83.

7) Bittles, A.H., Fulder, S.J., Grant, E.C., and Nichills, M.R. 1979. The effect of ginseng on lifespan and stress response in mice. Gerontology 25 : 125.

8) Brekhman, I.I. 1957. Panax ginseng. Gosudaarst Isdat et Med. Lit., Leningrad : 1.

9) Brekhman, I.I. and Dardymov, I.V. 1969. New substances of plantorigin which increase non-specific resistance. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 9 : 419-430.

10) Cho, Y.K. et al. 1993. J. Korean Soc. Microbiol. 28(5) : 409-417.11) Cho, Y.K., Kim, Y.K., Lee, I., Choi, M.H. and Shin, Y.O. 1996. The effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG), zidovudine, and the combination of KRG and ZDV on HIV-infected individuals. J. Korean Soc. Microbiol. 31 : 353-360.

11) Cho, Y.K., Lim, J.Y., Jung, Y.S., Oh, S.K., Lee, H.J. and Sung, H. 2006. High frequency of grossly deleted nef genes in HIV-1 infected long-term slow progressors treated with Korean red ginseng. Current HIV Research 4 : 447-457.

12) Choi, H.K. and Seong, D.H. 1995. Effectiveness for erectile dysfunction after the administration of Korean red ginseng. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 19(1) : 17-21.

13) Choi, H.K. and Seong, D.H. and Rha, K.H. 2001. Evaluation of clinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng for erectile dysfunction by international index of erectile function (IIEF). Int. J. Ginseng Res. 25 : 112-117.

14) Choi, K.T. 2002. Comparison of characteristics in Korean ginseng and American ginseng. Report of Korea Ginseng and T Research Institute.

15) Choi, Kwang-Tae. 2008. Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of Korean Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Acta Pharmacol. Sinica 29(9), 1109-1118.

16) Choi, Y.D., Rha, K.H., and Choi, H.K. 1999. In vitro and in vivo experimental effect of Korean red ginseng on erection. J. Urol. 162(4) : 1508-1511.

17) D'angelo R., Grimaldi M., Carvaggi M., Marcli et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study on the effect of standardized ginseng extract on psychomotor performance in healthy volunteers. J. of Ethnopharmacology 16 : 15-22.

18) Chung, Y.H., Kim, K.W., Oura, H. 1993. Effects of ginsenoside Rb2 on the anti-oxidants in senescence-accelerated mice(SAM-R/1). Proc. 6th Int'l. Ginseng Symp., Seoul, Korea, Korea Ginseng & T Research Institute : 30-32.

19) El-Kady, A.A., Hosain, A.R.M., Park, M.H., Kim, Y.T., Park, H.H. and Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. 2006. Efficacy of Panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenoside Rg3against oxidative stress of PCBs in rats. Proc. the 9th International Symp. on Ginseng, Geumsan, Chungnam, Korea, The Korean Society of Ginseng : 599-615.

20) Fukushima, S., Wanibuchi, H. and Li, W. 2001. Inhibition by ginseng of colon carcinogenesis in rats. J. Korean Med. Sci. 16 : S75-80.

21) Garriques, S. S. 1854. On panaquilon, a new vegetable substance. Ann. Chem. Pharm. 90 : 231.

22) Han, B.H. 1974. Chemical components of Korean ginseng. Korean Ginseng Symposium, Seoul, Korea : 100..

23) Han, B..H., Park, M.H. and Han, Y.N. 1981. Studies on the antioxidantcomponents of Korean ginseng (III). Identification of phenolic acid.Arch. Pharm. Res. 4(1) : 53-58.

24) Han B.H., Han Y.N. and Park M.H. 1985. Chemical and biochemical studies on antioxidant components. Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. World Scientific Co., Philadelphia : 485-498.

25) Han, B.H., Park, M.H., Han, Y.N. and Suh, D.Y. 1992. Chemical andbiochemical studies on non-saponin constituents of Korean ginseng.Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 16(3) : 228-234.

26) Huh K., Jang B.S. and Park J.M. 1988. Protective effect of ginseng on bromobenzene-induced hepatoxicity in mice. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 12(2) : 114-120.

27) Fukushima, S., Wanibuchi, H. and Li, W. 2001. Inhibition by ginseng of colon carcinogenesis in rats. J. Korean Med. Sci. 16 : S75-80.

28) Hwang, W.I., Lee, S.D., Han, Y.N., and Lee, Y.T. 1993. A study on the cytotoxic activity of Korean red ginseng against cancer cells. Proc. 6th Int'1. Ginseng Symp., Seoul, Korea, Korea Ginseng & T Research Institute : 221-222.

29) Kaneko, H., Nakanishi, K., Murakami, A., Aidoh, H., and Kuwashima, K. 1996. The acute effects of massive dose of red ginseng on healthy adults under the condition of cold stress. Proc. '96 Korea-Japan Ginseng Symp., Seoul, Korea, Korea Ginseng & T Research Institute : 22-30.

30) Kamangar, F., Gao, Y.T., Shu, X.O., Kahkeshani, K., Ji, B.T., Yang, G., Li, H.L., Rothman, N.M., Chow, W.H. and Zheng, W. 2007. Ginseng intake and gastric cancer risk in the Shanghai Women's Health Study cohort. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 16 : 629-630.

31) Kang, S.Y.. Schini-Kerth, V.B. and Kim, N.D. 1995. Ginsenosides of the protopanaxatriol group cause endothelium-dependent relaxation in the rat arorta. Life Sciences 56(19) : 1577-1586.

32) Kennedy, D.O., Reay, J.L. and Scholey, A.B. 2006. Effects of 8 weeks administration of Korean Panax ginsengextract on the mood and cognitive performance in healthy individuals. Proc. the 9th International Symp. on Ginseng, Geumsan, Chungnam, Korea, The Korean Society of Ginseng : 67-85.

33) Keum, Y.S., Han, S.S. Chun, K.S., Park, K.K., Park, J.H., Lee, S.K., and Surh, Y.J. 2003. Inhibitory effects of the ginsenoside Rg3on phorbol ester-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression, NF-kappa B activation and tumor promotion. Mutat. Res. 523-524 : 75-85.

34) Kikuchi, Y., Sasa, H., Kita, T., Hirata, J., and Tode, T. 1991. Inhibition of human ovarian cancer cell proliferation in vitro by ginsenoside-Rh2 and adjuvant effects to cisplatin in vivo. Anticancer Drugs(England) 2(1) : 63-67.

35) Kim, C.C. 1979. Influence of Panax ginseng on the response of stressful stimuli in the experimental animal exposed to various stress. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 3(2) : 168-186.

36) Kim, H.Y., Chen, X. and Gillis, C.N. 1992. Ginsenosides protect pulmonary vascular endothelium against free radical-induced injury. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189 : 670-676.

37) Kim, N.D., Kang, S.Y. and Schini-Kerth, V.B. 1994. Ginsenosides evoke endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in rat aorta. Gen. Pharmac. 25(6) : 1071-1077.

38) Kim, S.I., Lee, Y.H., and Kang, K.S. 1989. 10-acetylpanaxytriol, a newcytotoxic polyacetylene from Panax ginseng. Yakhak Hoeji 33 : 118.

39) Kim, Y.K., Gua, Q. and Packer, L. 2002. Free radical scavenging activity of red ginseng aqueous extracts. Toxicology 172 : 149-156.

40) Kim(Jun), H.Y., LEE, Y.H. and Kim, S.I. 1988. Effects of polyacetylene compounds from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer on CCI4 induced lipid peroxidation in mouse liver. Korean J. Toxicol 4 : 3.

41) Ko, S.R. 1993. Comparative study on chemical components and biological activities of Panax species. Ph. D. Thesis of Chonbuk National University, Korea.

42) Kubo M. and Tong C.N. 1992. Influence of the 70% methanolic extract from red ginseng on the lysosome of tumor cells and on the cytocidal effect of mitomycin C. Planta Medica 58(5) : 424-428.

43) Kumar, A., Kumar, M., Panwar, M., Samarth, R., Park, T.Y., Park, M.H., Terado, T., and Kimura, H. 2006. Evaluation of anticancer action of ginsenoside Rp1 and its molecular mechanism. Proc. the 9th International Symp. on Ginseng, Geumsan, Chungnam, Korea, The Korean Society of Ginseng : 370-389.

44) Lai, D.M., Tu, Y.K., Liu,I.M., Chen, P.F. and Cheng, J.T. 2006. Mediation of beta-endorphin by ginsenoside Rh2 to lower plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Med. 72 : 9-13.

45) Lee, F.C., Park, J.K., Kim, E.K., Ko, J.H., Lee, J.S. and Kim, K.Y. 1984. The role of Panax ginseng in detoxification of xenobiotics. Proc. 4th Int'l. Ginseng Symp., Seoul, Korea, Korea Ginseng & T Research Institute : 21-26.

46) Lee, S.D. 2007. Reviews in Ginseng Research(I), The Korean Society of Ginseng.

47) Lee, S.T., Chu, K., Kim, J.M., Park, H.J., and Kim, M. 2006. Cognitive improvement by ginseng in Alzheimer’ disease. Proc. the 9th International Symp. on Ginseng, Geumsan, Chungnam, Korea, The Korean Society of Ginseng : 96-101.

48) Lee, W.K., Kao, S.T., Liu, I.M. and Chen, J.T. 2006. Increase of insulin secretion by ginsenoside Rh2 to lower plasma glucose in Wistar rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 33 : 27-32.

49) Liu, W. K., Xu, S. X. and Che,C. T. 2000. Anti-proliferative effect of ginseng saponins on human prostate cancer cell line. Life Sci. 67 : 1297-1306.

50) Matsuda, H., Samukawa, K. and Kubo, M. 1991. Anti-hepatitic activity of ginsenoside Ro. Planta Medica 57 : 52-55.

51) Matsunaga, H., Katano, M., Yamanoto, H., Fujito, H., Mori, M. and Takata, M. 1990. Cytotoxic activity of polyacetylene compounds in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(12) : 3480-3482.

52) Mizoguchi, Y. et al. 1988. 人蔘サポニンの肝細胞保護作用. 藥用人蔘 硏究會業績記錄集(1986-1988), 藥用人蔘硏究會 發刊 : 46-48.33.

53) Mochizuki, M., Yoo, Y.C., Matsuzawa, K., Sato, K., Saiki, I., Tono-Oka, S., Samukawa, K. and Azuma, I. 1995a. Inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponin, ginsenoside-Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, of red ginseng. Biol. Pharm. Bull 18(9) : 1197-1202.

54) Mochizuki, M., Yoo, Y.C. and Azuma, I. 1995b. Inhibitory effect of tumor invasion and metastasis by saponins, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, or red ginseng. Proc. '95 Korea-Japan Ginseng Symp. , Seoul, Korea, Korea Ginseng & T Research Institute : 41-44.

55) Noh, H.T., Rhee, Y.E., Choi, Y.B. and Park, M.J. 1992. Clinical study for effects of ginseng on CDDP-treated cancer patients. Choesin Uihak 35(2) : 40-46.

56) Odashima, S., Nakayabu, Y., Honjo, N., Abe, H., and Arichi, S. 1979. Induction of phenotypic reverse transformation by ginsenosides in cultured Morris hepatimacells. Europ. J. Cancer 15 : 885-892.

57) Ogita, S. and Samugawa, K. 1994. Clinical effectiveness of Korean ginseng on patients with climacteric disturbances. The Ginseng Review 18 : 95-97.

58) Okuda, H. and Lee, S.D. 1990. Biological activities of non-saponincompounds isolated from Korean red ginseng. Proc. Int'l. Symp. on Korean Ginseng, Seoul, Korea, Korea Ginseng & T Research Institute : 15-19.

59) 大蒲彦吉, 橫澤隆子. 1989. うットの 生存率ならびに對する高麗紅蔘粉末の影響, 藥用人蔘 ‘89(大蒲彦吉 等編輯) 共立出版 : 228-237.

60) Park, J.D., Kim, D.S., Kwon, H.Y., Son, S.K., Lee, Y.H., Baek, N.I., Kim, S.I. and Rhee, D.K. 1996. Effects of ginseng saponin on modulation of multidrug resistance. Arch. Pharm. Res. 19(3) : 213-218.

61) Park, J.D., Shin, H.J., Kwak, Y.S., Wee, J.J., Song, Y.B., Kyung, J.S., Kiyohara, H., and Yamada, H. 2006. Partial chemical structure and immunomodulating antitumor activities of RGAP (red ginseng acidic polysaccharide) from Korean red ginseng. Proc. The 9th Int'l. Symp. on Ginseng, Geumsan, Chungnam, Korea, The Korean Society of Ginseng : 390-409.

62) Park, JD. 2007. Recent studies on the chemical constituents of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Reviews in Ginseng Research (I), The Korean Society of Ginseng : 32-45.

63) Park, J.K., Nam, K.Y., Hyun, H.C., Jin, S.H., Chepunov S.A. and Chepunov N.E. 1994. Effect of ginseng triol saponin fractions on the spatial memory function studied with 12-arm radial maze. Korean J. Ginseng sci. 18(1) : 32-38.

64) Popovich, D. G. and Kitts, D. D. 2004. Ginsenosides 20(S)-protopanaxadiol and Rh2 reduce cell proliferation and increase sub-G1 cells in two cultured intestinal cell lines, int-407 and caco-2. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 82 : 183-190.

65) Saito, H. and Bao, T.T. 1984. Effect of red ginseng on mice exposed to various stress. Proc. 4th Int'l. Ginseng Symp., Seoul, Korea, Korea Ginseng & T Research Institute : 97-105.

66) Saito, H. and Nishiyama, N. 1988. Effects of ginseng and its saponins on experimental amnesis in mice and on cell cultures of neurons. Proc. 5th Int'l. Ginseng Symp., Seoul, Korea, Korea Ginseng & T Research Institute : 92-98.

67) Salvati, G., Genovesi, G., Marcellini, L., Paolini, P., De Nuccio, I., Pepe, M., Re, M. 1996. Effects of Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer saponins on male fertility. Panminerva Med. 38(4) : 249-254.

68) Saxena, P.N. and Mahour, K. 2006. Analysis of hepatoprotection by Panax ginseng following mercuric chloride intoxication in albino rat. Proc. The 9th Int'l. Symp. on Ginseng, Geumsan, Chungnam, Korea, The Korean Society of Ginseng : 247-264.

69) Seo, Y.J., Shim, E.J., Kwon, M.S., Choi, O.S., Yang, J.W., Choi, S.S., Han, E.J., Han, K.J., Lee, H.K. and Suh, H.W. 2006. Anticiceptive effects of ginsenosides injected intracerebroventricularly or intrathecally in various pain models. Proc. the 9th Int'l. Symp. on Ginseng, Geumsan, Chungnam, Korea, The Korean Society of Ginseng : 571-581.

70) Shibata, S., Fujita, M., Itokawa, H., Tanaka, O., and Ishii, T. 1963. Panaxadiol, a sapogenin of ginseng roots (1). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 11 : 759-761.

71) Shibata, S., Tanaka, O., Soma, K., Iita, Y., Ando, T., and Nakamura, H.1965. Studies on saponins and sapogenins of ginseng. The structure ofpanaxatriol. Tetrahedron Lett. 3 : 207-213.

72) Shin, Y.O. et al. 1993. Effects of Korean red ginseng on immunological markers of persons with human immunodeficiency virus. Proceedings of the 6th International Ginseng Symposium, Seoul, Korea, Korea Ginseng & T Research Institute : 52-56.

73) Sievenpiper, J.L., Sung, M.K., Di Buono, M., Seung-Lee, K., Nam, K.Y., Arnason, J.T., Leiter, L.A. and Vuksan, V. 2006. Korean ginseng rootlet decreases acute postprandial glycemia : Results from sequential preparation- and dose-finding studies. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 25 : 100-107.

74) Song, J.H., Park, M.J., Kim, E. and Kim, Y.C. 1990. Effects of Panax ginseng on galactosamine-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Yakhak Hoeji. 34(5) : 341-347.

75) Suh, S.O., Kim, J., Boo, Y.J., Park, J.M., and Kim, J. 2006. Prospective study for Korean red ginseng extract as an immune modulator following a curative surgery in patients with advanced colon cancer. Proc. The 9th Int'l. Symp. on Ginseng, Geumsan, Chungnam, Korea, The Korean Society of Ginseng : 54-66.

76) Takaku, T., Kameda, K., Matsuura, Y., Sekiya, K. and Okuda, H. 1990. Studies on insulin-like substances of Korean red ginseng. Planta Medica 56 : 27-30.

77) Vuksan, V., Sievenpiper, J.L., Xu, Z., Beljan-Zdravkovic, U., Jenkins, A.L., Arnason, J.T., Bateman, R.M., Leiter, L.A., Josse, R.G., Francis, T., and Stavro, M.P. 2002. A role for ginseng in the controlof postprandial glycemia and type 2 diabetes. Proc. The 8th Int'l. Symp. on Ginseng, Seoul, Korea, The Korean Society of Ginseng : 1-19.

78) Vuksan, V., Stavro, M., Woo, M., Leiter, L.A., Sung, M.K., and Sievenpiper, J.L. 2006. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) can lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension : a randomized controlled trial. Proc. The 9th Int'l. Symp. on Ginseng, Geumsan, Chungnam, Korea, The Korean Society of Ginseng : 285-296.

79) Wang X.M., Qi Y., Sun C.W., Zhong G.G., Jiang Y. and Qiu Y.H. 1994. Single calcium channel analysis and electron spin resonance(ESR) spectral study on the mycocardial effects of ginsenoside Rb2. Chung Guo Yao Tsa Chih 19(10) : 621-624.

80) Wang, Z., Zheng, Q., Liu, K., Li, G. and Zheng, R. 2006. Ginsenoside Rh2 enhances antitumor activity and decrease genotoxic effect of cytophosphamide. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 98 : 411-415.

81) Woo, L.K., Han, B.H., et al. 1973. Saponin content of Korean ginseng. Korean J. Pharmacog : 4.

82) Xu, T. M., Xin, Y., Cui, M. H., Jiang, X., and Gu, L. P. 2007. Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with cyclophosphamide on growth and angiogenesis of ovarian cancer. Clin. Med. J. 120 : 584-588.

83) Yokozawa, T., Kobayashi, T., Oura, H. and Kawashima, Y. 1985. Studies on the mechanism of hypoglycemic activity of ginsenoside-Rb2 streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33(2) : 869-872.

84) Yokozawa, T., Oura, H. and Kawashima, Y. 1987. Effect of administration of ginsenoside-Rb2 in diabetic rats : In terms of carbohydrate and lipid metabolites. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 35(12) : 4872-4877.

85) Yokozawa, T. and Oura, H. 1990. Facilitation of protein biosynthesis by ginsenoside-Rb2 administration in diabetic rats. J. Natural Products 53(6) : 1514-1518.

86) Yun, T.K. 2003. Experimental and epidemiologic evidence on non-organ specific cancer preventive effect of Korean red ginseng and identification of active compounds. Mutat. Res. 523-524 : 63-74.

87) Yun, T.K. and Choi, S.Y. 1990. A case-control study of ginseng intake and cancer. Int'l. J. Epidemiol. 19 : 871-876.

88) Yun, T.K. and Choi, S.Y. 1995. Preventive effect of ginseng intake against various human cancers : A case-control study on 1987 pairs. Cancer Epideminol. Biomakers & Prevention 4 : 401-408.

89) Yun, T.K., Lee, Y.S., Lee, Y.H., Kim, S.I. and Yun, H.Y. 2001. Anticarcinogenic effect of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and identification of active compounds. J. Korean Med. Sci. 16 : S6-18.

90) Zhang, J.T. 2006. Neural plasticity modulats the nootropic effect and nootropic signal transduction cascade of ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1. Proc. The 9th Int'l. Symp. on Ginseng, Geumsan, Chungnam, Korea, The Korean Society of Ginseng : 509-528.

91) Zhang, J.T., Chui, D.H. and Liu, G.Z. 2006. The chemistry, metabolism and biological activities of ginseng. Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, China : pp. 279.

92) Zhang, J.T., Chui, D.H. and Liu, G.Z. 2006. The chemistry, metabolism and biological activities of ginseng. Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, China : pp. 285.

93) Zhang J.T.. Qu Z.W., Liu Y. and Deng H.L. 1990. Preliminary study on antiamnestic mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1. Clin. Med J. 103(11) : 932-938.

94)Zhuo, D.H. 1982. Preventive geriatrics : An overview from traditional Chinese medicine. American J. Chinese Med. 10(1-4) : 32.

95) 張介賓 : 景岳全書(明代)

96) 張仲景 : 傷寒論(後漢代)

97) 李時珍 (1957) 本草綱目

98) 홍문화 (1974) 한국인삼심포지움, 한국약학회.

99) 홍문화 감수, 고려인삼, 한국인삼연초연구소, 7.

100) 배효원 (1978) 고려인삼, 고려인삼연구소, 1.

101) 陶弘景 : 名醫別錄

102) 한국인삼경작조합연합회 (1980) 한국인삼사(상권), 26.

출처 : (사)한국인삼제품협회